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1、单一进程同时可打开文件数量的限制vi /etc/security/limits.conf* soft nofile 65536* hard nofile 65536用户退出，重新登录ulimit -n 查看结果2、内核参数sysctl.conf的优化vi /etc/sysctl.confCentOS5.x系列内核修改方案 .net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0kernel.sysrq = 0kernel.core_uses_pid = 1net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1kernel.msgmnb = 65536kernel.msgmax = 65536kernel.shmmax = 68719476736#kernel.shmmax一般建议使用物理内存的一半以4G内存为例：4096/2*1024*1024=2147483648kernel.shmall = 4294967296#kernel.shmall一般建议使用物理内存的一半以4G内存为例：4096/2*1024*1024=2147483648 以上两项数值如果填写大于本身物理内存则会不生效。超过本身内存启动php会报错net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 6000net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 4194304net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 16384 4194304net.core.wmem_default = 8388608net.core.rmem_default = 8388608net.core.rmem_max = 16777216net.core.wmem_max = 16777216net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 262144net.core.somaxconn = 262144net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 3276800net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 262144net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 1net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 1net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 94500000 915000000 927000000net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 1net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 1200net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65535CentOS6系列内核优化：net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0kernel.sysrq = 0kernel.core_uses_pid = 1net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1kernel.msgmnb = 65536kernel.msgmax = 65536kernel.shmmax = 68719476736#kernel.shmmax一般建议使用物理内存的一半以4G内存为例：4096/2*1024*1024=2147483648kernel.shmall = 4294967296#kernel.shmall一般建议使用物理内存的一半以4G内存为例：4096/2*1024*1024=2147483648 以上两项数值如果填写大于本身物理内存则会不生效。超过本身内存启动php会报错net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 6000net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 4194304net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 16384 4194304net.core.wmem_default = 8388608net.core.rmem_default = 8388608net.core.rmem_max = 16777216net.core.wmem_max = 16777216net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 262144net.core.somaxconn = 262144net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 3276800net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 262144net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 1net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 1net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 94500000 915000000 927000000net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 1net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 1200net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65535立即生效/sbin/sysctl -p3、防御SYN_RECV查看连接状态netstat -nat | awk '/^tcp/{++S[$NF]}END{for (a in S) print a,S[a]}'防御措施vi /etc/sysctl.confnet.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 2/sbin/sysctl -p4、大量TIME_WAIT状态的连接处理方法一（web容器、mysql适用）net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30方法二net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 1200net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 8192net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 5000说明：net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1 表示开启SYN Cookies。当出现SYN等待队列溢出时，启用cookies来处理，可防范少量SYN攻击，默认为0，表示关闭；net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1 表示开启重用。允许将TIME-WAIT sockets重新用于新的TCP连接，默认为0，表示关闭；net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1 表示开启TCP连接中TIME-WAIT sockets的快速回收，默认为0，表示关闭。net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30 表示如果套接字由本端要求关闭，这个参数决定了它保持在FIN-WAIT-2状态的时间。net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 1200 表示当keepalive起用的时候，TCP发送keepalive消息的频度。缺省是2小时，改为20分钟。net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000 表示用于向外连接的端口范围。缺省情况下很小：32768到61000，改为1024到65000。net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 8192 表示SYN队列的长度，默认为1024，加大队列长度为8192，可以容纳更多等待连接的网络连接数。net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 5000 表示系统同时保持TIME_WAIT套接字的最大数量，如果超过这个数字，TIME_WAIT套接字将立刻被清除并打印警告信息。默认为180000，改为5000。对于Apache、Nginx等服务器，上几行的参数可以很好地减少TIME_WAIT套接字数量，但是对于Squid，效果却不大。此项参数可以控制TIME_WAIT套接字的最大数量，避免Squid服务器被大量的TIME_WAIT套接字拖死。
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